Tropical agrobiodiversity—the rich variety of crops, their wild relatives, trees, animals, microbes, and other species in tropical farming systems—is vital for food security, nutrition, and resilient ecosystems. Shaped by centuries of interactions between people and the tropical environment, this diversity supports healthy diets, combats malnutrition, and reduces diet-related diseases. In tropical agriculture, it enhances productivity, improves soil and water quality, reduces dependence on synthetic inputs, and increases resilience to pests, diseases, and climate extremes. Conserving tropical agrobiodiversity, both on farms and in gene banks, safeguards ecological services, sustains livelihoods, and preserves options for future food and agricultural needs.